SOLAR (First Semester)

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PV systems
Interconnections (includes ac microgrids)
Energy storage systems (ESS)
Standalone systems
Direct current microgrids
Requirements for general installations
Terminal temperatures
Arc-flash hazard warning
Field applied hazard markings (ANSI references)
Working spaces
Enclosure selection (NEMA enclosures)
Wiring and protection
Use and identification of grounded conductors
6AWG and smaller can be marked white for PV
Services
Overcurrent protection
Small conductor rule
Standard fuse and breaker sizes
Grounding and bonding
Electrodes
Electrodes permitted
Grounding electrode system installation
AC GEC
DC GEC
ECG (ac and dc)
Wiring methods and materials
Minimum cover requirements (how deep to bury conduit)
Raceways exposed to different temperatures
Conductors for general wiring (Wire sizing)
Ambient temperature correction factors
Adjustment for >3 current carrying conductors in conduit
Conductor ampacity in raceway cable or buried
Conductor ampacity in free air
Junction boxes, enclosures, outlets
Raceways (conduit) and cables
Metal-clad: MC cable
Non-metallic sheathed cable: NM, NMC and NMS
Service entrance cable: SE, USE (USE-2)
Intermediate metal conduit: IMC
Rigid metal conduit: RMC
Rigid PVC
Expansion joints required for rigid PVC if > 1/4" expansion
Liquid tight flexible non-metallic conduit: LFNC
Electrical metallic tubing: EMT
Equipment for general use
Batteries (also in articles 706, 710, and 712)
Special equipment
Maximum voltage
Circuit sizing and current
Overcurrent protection
Arc-fault protection (dc)
Rapid shutdown
Disconnecting means
Wiring methods
Grounding
Marking
Large-scale photovoltaic (PV) electric power production facility
Special conditions
Directory
Point of connection
Supply-side
Load side
Feeders
Taps
Busbars
100% rule
120% rule
Sum rule (loads + breakers ≤ busbar)
Location of supply-side connection disconnect
< 10 ft
Connect to supply-side of ground-fault protection
(with exception)
Percentage cross-section of conduit
Internal area of conduit for wires
Dimensions of conductors for determining voltage drop
Conductor properties (used for voltage drop calculations

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WIND (Second Semester)

Introduction to Wind Power
Early Wind History
The First Wind Turbines
The Wind Revolution
Scaling Up
Essential Definitions
The Wind and Its Characteristics

The Geostrophic and Gradient Winds
Wind Shear and Turbulence
Shear Profiles
Turbulence: Deepr
Time and Space Scales
Gust and Extreme Wind Speeds
The Weibull Wind Distribution
Topographic Factors

Aerodynamic Theory
The Actuator Disc
Multiple Streamtube Theory
Blade Element (2D Wing) Theory
BEM: The Combined Theory
Modifications to BEM Theory
Inclusion of Drag
Tangential Induction Factor
Momentum Theory Correction
Radial Flow and Stall Delay
Tip Loss Correction

The Rotor Wake
Vortex Wake Analysis
Near-Wake Measurements
Operation in Yaw
Unsteady Aerodynamic Influences
Stall Effects
Dynamic Inflow

Rotor Design and Performance
Power, Thrust, and Torque
The Cp, λ Curve
Tip Speed Ratio and Solidity
Blade Twist and Pitch
Blade Number
Rotor Aerodynamic Control
Stall Regulation: Fixed Pitch
Pitch Control
Other Aerodynamic Control Devices
Downwind Rotors

Electrical Aspects: Fundamentals
Measurement and Metering
Generators
Characteristics of Different Generator Types
Variable-Speed Generators
Geared and Gearless (Direct Drive) Generators
Historic Developments
Power Quality
Network Characteristics
Steady-State Voltage
Flicker
Statcoms and SVCs
Fault Protection
Harmonics

Grid Capacity
Weak Network Example
Lightning Protection

Control
Introduction: Levels of Control
Yaw Control
Power Limiting
Stall Regulation
Constant Speed, Variable Pitch (CSVP)
Variable Speed, Variable Pitch (VSVP)
Starting and Stopping
Sector Management

Structural Loading and Response (Fundamentals)
Static and Dynamic Loads
Dynamic Response of a Simple System
Modal Analysis
Deterministic and Stochastic Loads
Aerodynamic Loads
Reference Frames
Steady Loads
Deterministic Loads
Stochastic Loads
Gravitational Loads
Gyroscopic and Centrifugal Loads
Electromechanical Loads
Vibration and Resonance
Aerodynamic Damping
Tower Resonance
Blade Edgewise Vibration
Dynamic Response Measurements
Mean Loads
Load Spectra
Stochastic and Deterministic Loads
Complete Load Prediction

Modern Aeroelastic Codes
Fatigue Prediction

Rotor Blade Technology
Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Blade Structure
Cantilever Beam Model
Compressive Buckling
Shear
Elements of a Composite Blade
Bending Analysis
Root Attachment Methods
Blade Manufacture
GFRP Blade Manufacture (VRIM)
Wood-Epoxy Blades
Blade Balancing
Blade Testing
Weight Trends

Siting and Installation
Site Wind Assessment
Wind Resource
Site Measurements
MCP Analysis
Turbulence and Shear
Array Interactions
Array Losses
Wake Turbulence
Construction
Foundations
Transport and Access
Crane Operations
Electrical Infrastructure

Planning and Environment
Ecological Impacts
Birds
Mammals

Public Safety and Acceptance
Public Safety
Visual Impact
Shadow Flicker
Pollution Risk

Noise
Origin of Wind Turbine Noise
Noise Prediction
Planning Limits

Aviation
Collision Risk
Radar

Radio and Microwave Communications
Microwaves
Television

Economic and Political Considerations
The Cost of Wind Energy
Installation Costs
Operational Costs
Intermittency
Total Generation Costs

The Price of Wind Energy
Matching Supply and Demand
Background
On-Site Generation Example
Extrapolating to Wider Scale

Ownership
The Gigha Community Windfarm
Renewables Policy